Paolo Marzi smiling, seated in a dark blazer and white shirt, black-and-white portrait

Postdoctoral Researcher · University of Siena

Paolo Marzi.

About me

I am a Postdoctoral Researcher in Political Science at the University of Siena, where I currently work on the Horizon Europe project REDIRECT (The Representative Disconnect) and serve as its Communication and Dissemination Manager. Previously, I was a Postdoctoral Researcher at the University of Turin, working on the Horizon 2020 project EUComMeet.

My research interests lie at the intersection of political representation, political elites, political parties, and European politics. I am particularly interested in the relationship between citizens and their elected representatives, examining how closely political elites reflect public preferences, how citizens understand and evaluate political representation, and how political parties and institutions respond to changing political contexts. My research also addresses Euroscepticism, populism, parliamentary careers, and political behaviour within the European Union.

Methodologically, my work is primarily quantitative and comparative. I rely on cross-national surveys, mass–elite datasets, longitudinal analyses, and survey experiments to investigate political attitudes, representative behaviour, and institutional dynamics. My research has been published in journals including European Political Science Review, European Union Politics, Italian Political Science Review, Acta Politica, Politics and Governance, and The Journal of Legislative Studies.

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01 / Academic background

Academic background.

My academic training began at the University of Siena, where I completed my undergraduate degree in Political Science and International Relations and a master's degree in European Studies. I subsequently obtained a PhD in Political Science, European Politics and International Relations from the Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies in Pisa in 2021.

My professional appointments and research collaborations are described further down in the Academic Experience section.

02 / Research

Research interests.

My research connects the study of democratic representation with parliamentary elites, European political parties and institutions.

Representation, elites & European politics.

I study who is represented, how political representatives make decisions, and how parties and institutions respond to political change. I address these questions through comparative surveys, mass–elite data, quantitative analysis and experiments, with a particular focus on European politics and integration.

03 / Publications

Published research.

Peer-reviewed journal articles with DOI links, concise research summaries and downloadable PDFs where redistribution is permitted.

8 articles

2026
Representation

Citizens’ Preferences for Representation Styles: Exploring the Mandate–Independence Controversy in Eight European Countries

Sergio Martini & Paolo Marzi

Politics and Governance · 14 · Article 12015

Drawing on an original survey in eight European countries, this study examines citizens’ preferences for delegate versus trustee representation. It finds that ideological orientations, democratic satisfaction and national context all matter for how citizens want representatives to exercise their mandate.

Article
2026
Representation Political elites

Whom do you serve? A comparative analysis of congruence between party representatives, voters, and economic elites (2007–2017)

Paolo Marzi & Michele Scotto di Vettimo

European Political Science Review · 18(3), 410–428

Using mass–elite surveys from 16 European countries (2007–2017) and Earth Mover’s Distance, this article compares party representatives’ alignment with voters and economic elites. It finds an uneven economic-elite bias, most visible for European integration and cultural values, that changes over time.

Article
2025
Representation Political elites European politics

Italy, the EU-9, and the double-sided gap: A longitudinal analysis of mass–elite congruence on European integration (1979–2016)

Paolo Marzi & Andrea Pareschi

Italian Political Science Review · 55(2), 121–137

Based on eight survey waves spanning 1979–2016, this study identifies a “double-sided gap”: pro-European elites are generally more supportive of integration than their voters, while Eurosceptic elites are often more opposed. Italy follows a different, more congruent pattern.

Article
2025
Political elites European politics

More equal than different? Gender and legislative turnover in the European Parliament and west European legislatures

Athanassios Gouglas, Paolo Marzi, Bart Maddens, Marleen Brans & Luca Verzichelli

European Union Politics · 26(1), 167–184

Combining historical data on the European Parliament and eight Western European national legislatures, this study examines gender differences in incumbent exit rates. Men are more likely than women to exit after European Parliament elections, whereas the gender gap is not significant for national legislatures.

Accepted manuscript at UWS ↗

Article
2025
European politics

Euroscepticism: a meta-analysis

Paolo Marzi

Acta Politica · 60(4), 704–722

A systematic assessment of more than 400 articles on Euroscepticism published between 1995 and 2020. The study traces how the field shifted from mainly party-centred, single-country qualitative work towards a broader range of cases, questions and comparative quantitative approaches.

Article
2021
Other

If you cannot rule them, misinform them! Communication strategies of Italian radical right-wing populist parties during the pandemic

Paolo Marzi & Maria Giovanna Sessa

Interdisciplinary Political Studies · 7(2), 167–196

Using an original dataset of fact-checked claims, this article maps the misinformation and conspiracy narratives used by the League and Brothers of Italy during the COVID-19 pandemic, focusing on radical-right populist communication in 2020.

Article
04 / Projects & collaborations

Research projects & collaborations.

My work has involved European research consortia, comparative surveys, participatory research and international collaborations. These projects bring together empirical research, fieldwork and the communication of scientific findings.

01
REDIRECT project logo

Horizon Europe · University of Siena · 2023–2027

REDIRECT — The Representative Disconnect

Communication and Dissemination Manager and postdoctoral researcher, contributing to research on democratic representation, elite surveys, dissemination strategy, and consortium-wide communication.

02
EUComMeet project logo

Horizon 2020 · University of Turin · 2021–2023

EUComMeet — Deliberative Spaces for Democracy

Postdoctoral research and coordination support for participatory pilots, deliberative-platform activities, qualitative assessment and international reporting.

03
SoVE project logo

University of Siegen · 2021–2023

SoVE — Social Trust and Societal Cohesion in Europe

Qualitative fieldwork in Italy, including interviews, focus groups and analysis on social trust, cohesion and perceptions of institutions.

04
EUPopLink project logo

COST Action · 2026–2028

EUPopLink — Linking Euroscepticism & Populism

Working-group member contributing to research and network activities on the relationship between Euroscepticism and populism across Europe.

05
EuroConnect project logo

Erasmus+ · 2025–2027

Euroconnect — Strengthening Civic Competences and EU Democratic Life

Research and dissemination support for an Erasmus+ project focusing on civic competences, democratic participation and European democratic life.

06
OxCGRT project logo

University of Bologna · 2021–2022

Oxford COVID-19 Government Response Tracker (OxCGRT)

Comparative collection and coding of government policy measures during the COVID-19 pandemic, including Italian regional responses.

Selected Jean Monnet proposal · 2026

DEEPEU — Democratic Engagement and Pedagogy for Perspective European Citizens

A proposed 36-month Erasmus+ Jean Monnet network linking universities and secondary schools in Italy, Belgium, Portugal and Türkiye to develop interactive EU citizenship education, teacher training and student exchange. The 2026 submission was selected (evaluation: 90/100) and invited to grant-agreement preparation in June 2026; funding and project start remain subject to the final agreement.

2026 selection · Grant-agreement preparation
MAECI-funded research · 2026

Bridging Cultures and Shaping Policies

A funded comparative research project on Italian and German cultural diplomacy in Europe, examining the activities of Italian Cultural Institutes and the Goethe-Institut. The funding was awarded to the University of Siena in August 2026; project activities remain subject to the convention’s commencement.

Research team member · dataset mapping and comparative analysis planned
Other collaborations

Additional projects and collaborations

Selected collaborations, research assistance and institutional simulations complementing my main project portfolio.

01

Mega Elite Survey (MES)

Political and Social Analysis Laboratory (LAPS), University of Siena · Research Assistant · 2020 · Siena, Italy

Focus: mapping the Italian political class at subnational, national and European levels, with attention to political representation, populist attitudes and political opinions.

02

DialogUE

Political and Social Analysis Laboratory (LAPS), University of Siena · Research Assistant · 2020 · Siena, Italy

Focus: experimental deliberative-democracy project in which participants discussed immigration, the economy, welfare and EU institutions through a virtual platform.

03

This Time I’m Voting

University of Siena · Executive Chair · Jan. 2019

Topic: application of Article 7(1) TEU to the Hungarian case. Coordinator: Prof. Luca Verzichelli.

05 / Teaching

Teaching & active learning.

Teaching-assistant activities at the Department of Social, Political and Cognitive Sciences (DISPOC), University of Siena, integrating classroom support with simulation-based learning.

01

Political Science

TA · 2023–present

Teaching support in lectures and seminars, exam assistance, and the organisation of simulations on institutional reform and decision-making, including exercises on constitutional reforms in the Netherlands and a simulated French parliamentary commission.

Department: Department of Social, Political and Cognitive Sciences (DISPOC) · Course convenor: Prof. Luca Verzichelli
02

International Relations

TA · 2019–present

Teaching assistance and simulation facilitation, including PlayDiplomacy: team and role allocation, negotiated scenarios, briefings, debriefings and evaluation of student work.

Department: Department of Social, Political and Cognitive Sciences (DISPOC) · Course convenor: Prof. Pierangelo Isernia
03

Italian Political System

TA · 2017–2023

Teaching assistance on Italian institutions and parliamentary politics, including simulations of the Italian Parliament, party-based legislative negotiations and related classroom activities.

Department: Department of Social, Political and Cognitive Sciences (DISPOC) · Course convenor: Prof. Luca Verzichelli
06 / Conferences

Latest conferences.

A selection of my international academic conference activity from 2024 to 2026, listed chronologically from most recent.

Sep. 2026

20th ECPR General Conference

Jagiellonian University · Kraków, Poland

Sep. 2026

39th Conference of the Italian Political Science Society (SISP)

University of Trento · Trento, Italy

Jul. 2026

13th Biennial Conference of the ECPR Standing Group on the European Union

University of Catania · Catania, Italy

Sep. 2025

38th Conference of the Italian Political Science Society (SISP)

University of Naples Federico II · Naples, Italy

Jul. 2025

28th IPSA World Congress of Political Science

Seoul, South Korea

Sep. 2024

37th Conference of the Italian Political Science Society (SISP)

University of Trieste · Trieste, Italy

Aug. 2024

18th ECPR General Conference

University College Dublin · Dublin, Ireland

07 / Academic Experience

Academic experience.

Research appointments and applied responsibilities across international projects, survey research and collaborative fieldwork.

2023–present

Postdoctoral Researcher

University of Siena · DISPOC · Siena, Italy

Within Horizon Europe REDIRECT, I contribute to the study of democratic representation and political elites through cross-country survey fieldwork, recruitment and follow-up with national and regional representatives, harmonisation of elite data and qualitative research tasks. As Communication and Dissemination Manager, I coordinate public research outputs, digital dissemination, consortium communications and contributions to European Commission reporting.

2021–2023

Postdoctoral Researcher

University of Turin · Turin, Italy

Within Horizon 2020 EUComMeet, I supported and coordinated participatory pilot activities across ten metropolitan areas in five European countries, including participant recruitment in Piedmont and online-platform testing. I contributed to survey instruments, pre-/post-deliberation analysis, qualitative assessment of online deliberation and reporting with international partners.

2021–2023

External Research Collaborator

University of Siegen · Germany / remote

For the SoVE social-trust research project, I conducted 15 interviews and two focus groups in Italy, supported participant engagement and contributed to transcript analysis and the interpretation of qualitative material on social trust and cohesion.

2021–2022

External Research Collaborator

University of Bologna · Italy / remote

Contributed to the Oxford COVID-19 Government Response Tracker research environment through comparative coding of pandemic measures adopted by Friuli-Venezia Giulia, Liguria and Molise, distinguishing restrictions, policy instruments and socioeconomic response measures in regional records.

08 / Contact

Get in touch.

For academic enquiries, research collaborations or discussions about political representation, parliamentary elites and European politics, please feel free to contact me.

Academic enquiries Department of Social, Political and Cognitive Sciences (DISPOC)
University of Siena · Italy